A highquality prime lens whose focal length is about equal to the diameter of the film frame or sensor may be constructed from as few as four separate lens elements, often as pairs on either side of the aperture diaphragm. Because the optical design process is historically and quite practically closely related to ray optics, this book is intended as a companion to the field guide to geometrical optics, in which firstorder optics, thin lenses, and basic optical systems are treated in more detail. Design examples of several widely used modern lenses are provided. Today, most lenses are multicoated in order to minimize lens flare and other. Mar 09, 2004 both the 3 element triplet and 4 element tessarxenar have 6 air to glass interfaces. Parameters include surface profile types spherical, aspheric, holographic, diffractive, etc. For many other optical devices such as telescopes, microscopes and theodolites where the visual image is observed but often not recorded the design can.
The proposed method makes it possible to determine which elements of the optical system can be designed as simple lenses and which elements must have a. Gearys introduction to lens design, a text that has meet with wide acceptance in. So you can have a 16 element lens with 6 groups but not a 6 element one with 10 groups. As i described in a paper at the 2014international optical design conference, this class of optics is interesting be they are of a reasonable complexity that the designs are likely to be instructive, they offer a small range of design constraints because of the standardization of cmos imager sizes. Ic optical systems can manufacture most types of lens system and offer advice to aid design and manufacture in the design stages that will better guarantee an optimum product.
The working distance of elements in housings has been. It adds impressive building blocks to the foundation established by a. Another difference between the disclosed design and the implemented design is that important design variables, such as element diameters and real glass types, are often omitted from the disclosed design. The design of photographic lenses for use in still or cine cameras is intended to produce a lens. Practical photographic lenses include more lens elements. In this particular exercise, we will design and optimize an f4 singlet lens made of nbk7. A 3 or 4 element design is usually very sharp in its central core. Current methods use optical elements which operate only on the full.
Optical engineers working in lens design will find this book an invaluable guide to lens design in traditional and emerging areas of application, it is also suited to advanced undergraduate or graduate course in lens design principles and as a selflearning tutorial and reference for the practitioner. Pdf characterization and modeling of multielement electrostatic. Generally, more elements and more groups means that the design is more complex. Products purchased from third party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements. The book not only covers theory of lens design but the author also delves into the math using practical examples. This book holds a unique place in the optics literature. In order to satisfactorily correct for aberrations, multielement lenses must be used in order to use subsequent elements to correct for defects introduced by earlier elements. Although i have taken a great deal of effort to assure accuracy, the user of any of. All are for folded zooms, which provide an interesting study. Fredos full aperture, 5mm why are lenses so complex. Field, aperture, pupil, magnification, infinity cases, lens makers formula, etendue, vignetting.
A large part of this book is devoted to a study of possible design procedures for various types of lens or mirror systems, with fully worked examples of each. Optical lens design is the process of designing a lens to meet a set of performance requirements and constraints, including cost and manufacturing limitations. Note that this compact reference is not a substitute for a. Sep 16, 2016 the iphone 7 and iphone 7 plus have arrived with much fanfare. Modeling, design and fabrication of diffractive optical elements. The design, fabrication, and characterization of miniature tunable multielement alvarez lenses are reported in this paper. The more important factors are the inclusion of special types of glass, such as low dispersion, extra low dispersion or flourite elements, and. The lens collects light from the outside universe and focusses it onto the film. Click on document introduction to lens design with practical zemax examples pdf. Both the 3 element triplet and 4 element tessarxenar have 6 air to glass interfaces. A practical guide to lens design focuses on the very detailed practical process of lens design. Lens design optical sciences and applications of light.
It bends light in a certain way depending on its shape and material. Combination order for dilworths synopsys supplement and gearys introduction to lens design two books. User to be considered major computing task books before 1980s. Three element cylindrical electrostatic lens systems for. Fundamentals, techniques, and design 2 devices measurement, and properties. If a multilevel doe is required, the etched substrate from the. Development of miniature tunable multielement alvarez lenses. Contents contributors xvii preface xix glossary and fundamental constants xxi part 1. Getting started using zemax institute of applied physics. Multiscale lens design presents a different way of thinking about how optical design can be used for image formation. In lens design with large computers, proceedings of the conference, institute of optics, government superintendent, rochester, new york. Traditional optical systems with variable optical characteristics are composed of several optical elements that can be shifted with respect to each other mechanically. Not only is this a great book for an optical engineer to have at their fingertips, it is the most concise and informative book to quickly approach the professional use of modern optical software.
So, to design a system using lens tabulated values, keep in mind the orientation conventions used in the descriptions of the individual component lenses. The reader is urged to follow the logic of these examples and be sure that he understands what is happening, noticing particularly how each available degree of freedom is used to control one aberration. Its not so easy to send light where it should go source. Kidger, intermediate optical design, spie press, 2002. This practical guide to lens design is very timely as many young minds strive to gain rapid experience in this expanding field. While seeing that the highly praised canon 70200mm has 20 elements and 15 groups may make you think more is better, nikons 50mm f1. One of the devices most talkedabout features is the new camera, particularly on the iphone 7 plus, which boasts dual lenses. Analysis of twoelement zoom systems based on variable. German lens manufacturer meyeroptik goerlitz has announced a portrait lens that it claims has unique coatings to reduce flare. Every step from setup specifications to finalizing the design for production is discussed in a straight forward, tangible way. Optimization in optical design montana state university. Theory is limited to a minimum, and used to support the practical design work.
Even if the wedge per surface is specified, as can be done in lens design software, the measurement of one surface tells the whole story if the clamping bell of the centering machine is running true. Chapter one will begin by adding a single element, the designer. The zemax code in the book is a bit dated by now but most users should be able to still use it for newer editions of the software. Zoom lens design of mobilephone camera with globalexplorer. Penelope przekop 2008 aberrations fiction introduction to lens design. A disadvantage of such systems is the fact that individual. Many books already provide detailed overview of the development of diffractive. Other references welford, aberrations of optical systems laikin, lens design smith, modern lens design malacara and malacara, handbook of lens design korsch, reflective optics kingslake, optical system design kingslake, history of the photographic lens cox, a system of optical. Additional constraints comprise lens element center and edge. In order to satisfactorily correct for aberrations, multi element lenses must be used in order to use subsequent elements to correct for defects introduced by earlier elements. They can also be made of fluorine or is that fluorite. What does the number of elements and groups in a lens mean.
Lens design opti 517 syllabus university of arizona. Introduction to matlab for engineers solutions, introduction to the theory of linear spaces, and many other ebooks. The book is accompanied by a disk that provides a suite of computer programs lensys for msdos intended for practical use in the design and analysis of systems using round lenses with apertures. The design parameters of optical system are typically to form a complicated multidimensional. The design of a fixed focal length lens also known as prime lenses presents fewer challenges than the design of a zoom lens.
A simple lens is a polished piece of glass with concave or convex surfaces. Rudolf kingslake is regarded as the american father of lens design, his book, not revised since its publication in 1978, is viewed as a classic in the field. If you are looking to make a correlation between the number of lens elements and groups related to lens quality, there is not really one to make. Complex photographic lenses can consist of more than 15 lens elements.
Pressing the update menu item, or doubleclicking anywhere in the analysis window with the. It is the job of the lens designer to balance these and produce a design that is. A course in lens design is an instruction in the design of imageforming optical systems. Naturally, the area has developed considerably since the book was published, the most obvious changes being the availability of powerful lens design software packages, theoretical advances. Introduction to lens design with practical zemax examples pdf.
A camera lens is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body. Just like a telescope, photographic objective, or any other optical device, ophthalmic lenses are designed to maximize performance. From simple thin lens design, clear overview of optical aberrations, designing in zemax and professional production and tolerancing, this book can take you from start to finish in the world of optical engineering. Shaw montana state university 8 merit function the merit function in zemax is defined as a weighted sum of the differences between target values and current values of design parameters that are designated as variables. Introdution recently, global optimization algorithm is widely applied in optical design, regardless of fixed focal lens or zoom lens system. Lens design programs allow us to set multiconfigurations for a lens system. We compare our system against existing singleelement designs, including an aspherical lens and a pinhole, and we compare against a complex multielement lens, validating highquality large field. Lens tolerancing chapter 10 introduction to lens design. It teaches how a satisfactory design can be obtained in a straightforward way. From simple thin lens design, clear overview of optical aberrations, designing in zemax and professional production and tolerancing, this book can.
Unlike the first edition, which was more a collection of lens designs for use in larger projects, the 2nd edition of modern lens design is an optical howto. Handbook of optics sponsored by the optical society of america. Optimax systems, 6367 dean parkway, ontario, ny usa. The aperture control, usually a multileaf diaphragm, is critical to the performance of a lens. Lens design is, therefore, a strong component of a wellrounded education in optics, and a skill valued by industries employing optical engineers. A search space for lens design encompasses a multidimensional.
A motorized change of position of individual elements or group of elements then makes possible to achieve desired optical properties of such zoom lens systems. The book introduces geometrical optics, optical instruments and. We compare our system against existing single element designs, including an aspherical lens and a pinhole, and we compare against a complex multielement lens, validating highquality large field. Simion is an electrostatic lens analysis and design. Optics basics are introduced and basic functions of zemax are described. Optical design of ophthalmic lenses introduction we tend to prescribe ophthalmic lenses as though any lens with the right back vertex power will do. Conrady in applied optics and optical design and rudolph kingslake in lens design. About this book this volume and the accompanying synopsys software on minicdrom is a supplement to joseph m. Zoom lens design of mobilephone camera with global. Lens design, camera zoom lens, cmos sens or, optimization, global explorer, mobilephone camera lens 1. So in summary, the number of elementsgroups can be informative, but its very rarely an absolute measure of quality or a reason to prefer a specific lens.
Your camera is a small, portable darkness, and the lens is its window on the world. Multielement electrostatic lens systems are widely used. Its function is to bend rays of light by a physical process called. Several standard lens combinations have been developed. The percival philosophy is similar to that used in modern spectacle lens design. There are also many useful figures to help visualize the main issuesconsiderations of lens design. Introduction to lens design with practical zemax examples. Field guide to lens design 2012 bentley publications. The design of photographic lenses for use in still or cine cameras is intended to produce a lens that yields the most acceptable rendition of the subject being photographed within a range of constraints that include cost, weight and materials. Aim of lens design is to form a system that has sufficiently good performance. It is supplied in pdf format and is found in zemax by clicking on. Contained in any spherical lens, there are two primary axes of interest when talking about centration. Although zemax is easy to use, optical system design is a very broad area of engineering. Optical design including optimal lens configuration and surface.
Dont want to use a 7 element lens when a 2 element will do. These elements are there to correct different types of aberrations which can help improve performance. The iphone 7 and iphone 7 plus have arrived with much fanfare. We have made it easy for you to find a pdf ebooks without any digging. Design for near and distant viewing distances is essentially identical.